According to paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes the societies in Europ

According to paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes the societies in European lands close to the Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the twelfth century？

A．They were civic societies dominated by industry and commerce.

B．They were based on individual social status.

C．They had a fixed and hierarchical form. of government.

D．They were established on the idea of individual responsibility.

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