As the 20th century began, the importance of formal education in the US increased The fro

As the 20th century began, the importance of formal education in the US increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and in 1910【M1】______ most Americans had moved to live in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis at credentials and expertise make schooling increasingly【M2】______ important for economic and social mobility. Increasing schools were【M3】______ viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided to and contributed to【M4】______ an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Reformers early in the 20th century suggested that education programs suited the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women【M5】______ were one such population. Since looking after the house and family【M6】______ was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it has commonly included income-producing activities both inside and【M7】______ outside the home. In highly industrialized early-twentieth-century【M8】______ US, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers— cooking, shopping, decorating and caring children "efficiendy" in【M9】______ their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employers【M10】______ in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

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