The debate about problem drinking and how to stop it nowadays centres most on the working

The debate about problem drinking and how to stop it nowadays centres most on the working-class young. They are【M1】______ highly visible—and inaudible—as they clog city centres on【M2】______ Saturday nights. But a chapter in a forthcoming book, Intoxication and Society, by Philip Withington, a Cambridge historian, argues that it was the educated elite whom taught Britons how to drink to【M3】______ excess. In the 17th century, England experienced a rise in educational enrolment unsurpassedly until the early 20th century. Illiteracy inclined and the universities of Cambridge and Oxford,【M4】______ as well as the Inns of Court and Chancery where barristers learned their craft, brimming with affluent young men. This was the【M5】______ crucial period which modern drinking culture was formed. Mr【M6】______ Withingtons description of 17th-century drinking practices will sound familiar to anybody who has been within a few miles of a British university. It was characterised by two conflicting aims. Men were to consume large qualities of alcohol in keeping with【M7】______ conventions of excess. Yet they also supposed to remain in control【M8】______ of their faculties, bantering and displaying wit. Students and would-be lawyers formed drinking societies, where they learned the social—and drinking—skills required of gentlemen. A market in instruction quickly emerged. Collections filled with jokes, quotes and fun facts proliferated, promised to teach, as【M9】______ John Cotgraves Wits Interpreter put it, "the art of drinking, by a most learned method". Mirroring the standardisation of language after the invention of the printing press, codes of intoxication were disseminated to many a wider audience as society became more【M10】______ literate and censorship declined.

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